Catcher In The Rye Essays (602 words) - Literary Realism

Catcher In The Rye Throughout the novel, Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield's actions conveyed his deteriorating mental health. Holden endured a troubled childhood and adolescence. Several years prior to the opening of the novel, Holden's younger brother, Allie, died of leukemia. Since then, various boarding schools, most recently Pency Prep, expelled Holden because of his poor grades and lack of effort. Instead of confronting his parents with the news of his latest failure, Holden left school and spent several days in New York City. During Holden's stay in the city, he exhibited psychological traits not common to a sixteen-year-old, such as a preoccupation with death and major communication problems. Because of these traits, Holden Caulfield belonged in a mental institution. Throughout the novel, Holden demonstrated an intense preoccupation with death. For instance, Holden angered Maurice, Sunny's boss, because Holden denied owing Sunny money that Maurice claimed Holden owed. Out of cruelty, Maurice punched Holden in the stomach. In reaction to the blow, Holden acted like a wounded movie hero. Pretending to die because of a simple punch reflected Holden's abnormal thoughts. He grossly exaggerated the situation, indicating his mental instability. In addition, Holden displayed a great paranoia toward illness. While walking in Central park on a cold night, Holden's wet hair began to freeze. Holden convinced himself that he would soon catch pneumonia and die, simply because of his wet hair. One does not usually associate wet hair with death, however Holden immediately made the mental leap between the two. Finally, Holden did not accept the reality of his brother's death, which was indicated during one of Holden's visits to Allie's grave. During the visit, it began to rain. All the other visitors ran for the protection of their cars, but Holden felt depressed because Allie could not escape the rain. When he saw the visitors leaving, Holden thought how they could go some place fore dinner, but Allie could only lie in his grave. Holden continued to believe that his brother felt emotions. He repeatedly gave Allie the characteristics of a living being, proving that he never fully accepted Allie's death. Obviously, Holden's many unusual thoughts regarding death signified that Holden needed mental help. Holden's communication problems also displayed his need to live in a mental institution. For example, on the train to New York City, Holden conversed with Mrs. Morrow. Holden spoke with the woman because he desperately sought attention and felt the need to communicate with someone. He chose to communicate with Mrs. Morrow because she would not remain a permanent figure in Holden's life. By lying to Mrs. Morrow, Holden remained detached and independent from reality. Holden could not face reality, hence his lying, and could not communicate with permanent people in his life. Afterwards, while walking in Central Park, Holden decided to move out west, and live closer to nature. He decided to pretend that he suffered from deafness and muteness to minimize his contact with people. Holden did not want to communicate with people because he wished to detach himself from society. For him, this provided a way in which to escape reality. Similarly, Holden expressed a desire to move to Vermont in order to detach himself from society. He wished to sever most contacts with people and eliminate nearly all communications. Undoubtedly, Holden belonged in a mental institution because of his poor communication skills. Holden Caulfield's abnormal thoughts about death and illness, as well as his poor communication skills gave reason to place Holden in a mental institution. His experiences and thoughts in New York City definitively proved this idea. These included Holden's encounters with people, such as Mrs. Morrow and Maurice, and his reactions to different situations, demonstrated by his immediate thought of death in connection to wet hair. Holden developed into a mentally instable person because of his troubled childhood and adolescence.

Downfall of Spain and France essays

Downfall of Spain and France essays Critics who claim that Europes wealth was built on the exploitation of people overseas have some justification, but the experiences of Spain and France demonstrate that exploitation alone was not enough. To build and sustain wealth, countries must be able to use wealth effectively. Spain and France are two countries that mastered the art of using people overseas to benefit themselves, and gain power. But with so much success overseas, how did two of the worlds most powerful nations of their time essentially lose their places as world leaders, and dig such insurmountable trenches for themselves that may never be completely filled? Are there any similarities in the downfall of these two once great world powers? The two major regional areas of Spain came together in 1469 when Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile, and more territory was added yet again, or re-won, in 1492 with the completion of the reconquista when all Muslims and Jews were run out of Spain. Another renowned event of the same year was the accidental discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus who had sought to establish a route to the Indies. Following this remarkable discovery, colonists from Spain began to settle the islands of the Caribbean, and northern coast of South America. In 1519, Hernan Cortes began his expedition from Vera Cruz with 600 Spaniards to overthrow the powerful Aztec empire at Tenochtitlan, modern day Mexico City. They conquered the capital city in 1521. In the next few years, they captured the Yucatan and most of Central America. In South America, the Inca Empire of the west coast and Andes Mountains became accessible to Spanish conquistadors after Vasco Nunez de Balboa found a portage across the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. In 1532, Francisco Pizarro, leading a force of some two hundred men, captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa. It appears that the reconquista, with its crusading spirit a...